Open prisons are minimum-security prisons where prisoners get to leave, do community work, work during the day and return for their sentence in the evening.

In 2000, conjoined twins Jodie and Mary were born in St Mary's Hospital, Manchester. They shared a single aorta. Jodie was strong. Mary was described by the court as having ""no viable independent existence". She was alive only because Jodie's heart was pumping blood to them both. Without separation, both would die within months. With separation, Jodie would almost certainly survive. Mary would certainly die, killed by the surgery. The parents,devout Catholics from Gozo, Malta, refused to consent to separation. They could not accept authorising the killing of one daughter to save the other. They believed it was God's will that both children live or both die together. However, the hospital ,where the prognosis was shared, went to court.

A zero-hour contract is a type of employment agreement where an employer does not guarantee any minimum working hours, and the worker is paid only for the hours they actually work.

US state medical boards are responsible for licencing doctors and investigating complaints made against them. Where a doctor is found to have committed malpractice, the board is empowered to discipline them, including through the suspension or revocation of their medical licences.

Global pharmaceutical innovation is governed by intellectual property regimes like the World Trade Organization’s TRIPS agreement, which grants drug patents (typically 20 years), giving companies temporary monopolies. Firms such as Pfizer and Moderna used these protections during COVID-19, limiting generic production despite global demand.

The 'New Rules' narrative proposes that men’s understanding of the nature and importance of consent to sex has radically changed as a result of feminist activism. The 'Wilful Ignorance' narrative proposes that men have always been largely aware of the nature and importance of consent to sex.

It is the year of 1870. Living in the Russian empire is Anna, a beautiful, intelligent woman trapped in a loveless marriage to Alexei Karenin, a cold and successful banker. A few years later, Anna meets the charming Vronsky, a young cavalry officer. She falls into a passionate love affair with him that defies the rigid moral and social codes of Russian society. During this time, Anna concieves of a child who she knows to be the son of Vronsky. However, everyone else believes him to be the son of Alexei Karenin.

'Nudging’, or Nudge Theory, is a concept in behavioural economics, political theory, and behavioural sciences, which proposes positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions as ways to influence the behaviour and decision making of groups or individuals.

Cosmopolitanism is the philosophy that all human beings belong to a single global community based on shared morality, rather than distinct communities based on nationality, culture, or ethnicity.

Make in Europe policies focus on domestic production. Eg- Disruptions during COVID-19 and the Russia–Ukraine War exposed vulnerabilities in energy, semiconductors, and medical supplies. In response, the EU has introduced initiatives like the European Chips Act and green industry subsidies to boost domestic production.

Ferdinand Marcos Jr., elected in 2022, reversed his predecessor Duterte's pro-China tilt and dramatically expanded the US military relationship- granting access to four additional Philippine military bases under the Enhanced Defence Cooperation Agreement, resuming joint patrols in the South China Sea, and taking a harder line on Chinese Coast Guard harassment of Filipino fishermen at Scarborough Shoal and the Second Thomas Shoal.

Colonial determinism refers to the view that postcolonial states are irredeemably influenced by the structures of colonialism, and that these structures are primarily responsible for the economic, political and social contexts these states find themselves in.

ICT are judicial bodies established to prosecute individuals for serious violations of international law, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.

They operate under international law and are typically established by the UN Security Council or through international treaties.

Example: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia 

Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) is a government-owned dominant player in India’s life insurance market, holding approximately 62–65% market share. In comparison, other private competitors hold significantly smaller shares but offer much higher returns or more competitive products.

CoCo bonds are high-interest bank-issued bonds that can be either converted into equity shares or the principal value is written off wholly or partially. Banks usually trigger this conversion when their financial health falls below a required level or when regulators decide to do so. Banks can also skip interest payments without facing any legal consequences

There are two common workplace models. The Time-Based Work Model requires employees to work a fixed number of hours each day. In contrast, the Task-Based Work Model focuses on completing assigned work or meeting deadlines, with no fixed working hours.

Max Verstappen is a 28-year-old Formula One driver who has spent over a decade with the F1 team ‘Red Bull Racing (RBR)’, where he became a four-time World Drivers’ Champion and one of the most dominant drivers in the sport.

In 2026, RBR’s car is performing poorly and is not very competitive, while Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team has the most competitive car and is willing to sign Verstappen as one of their drivers after the 2026 season. 

Outside of F1, Verstappen has a happy personal life, including his young daughters, and actively engages in other interests such as sim racing and motorsport-related pursuits.

FIA is the global regulatory authority for motorsport, overseeing series such as Formula 1, Formula 2, and Formula 3. In F1, each team races two cars. The last woman to enter a Formula 1 race was in 1992.

MS Dhoni is a legendary Indian cricketer who retired from international cricket in 2020. In 2023, he led the Chennai Super Kings, a team he had captained since the inception of the IPL, to its 5th championship title.

Hands-Off Parenting is the philosophy that children learn best through independence and experience. The parent acts as a "consultant" who provides safety and support but steps back, allowing the child to make their own choices, solve their own problems, and face the natural consequences of their actions. Failure is viewed as an essential learning tool for building resilience.

Hands-On Parenting is the philosophy that children need active guidance and structure to thrive. The parent acts as a "coach" who is deeply involved in directing activities, helping with challenges, and preventing mistakes. Failure is viewed as something to be anticipated and managed to protect the child's confidence and opportunities.

Yamuna riverfront redevelopment rights are the rights to plan, manage, and develop land and infrastructure along the Yamuna riverfront, which are currently primarily held by the Delhi Development Authority.

Resident Welfare Associations are voluntary, elected bodies formed by fee-paying residents of a colony to manage common concerns like security, maintenance, and local infrastructure

Delhi is one of India’s largest migrant hubs, hosting significant populations of international migrants, including African nationals and Afghan refugees.

Khirki Extension in South Delhi has become known for its large population of African and Afghan migrants, alongside a Muslim population

You are Rananjay, a hardworking student who has consistently scored above 95 percent throughout school and has just graduated from high school in Himachal. You have two options. You can either pursue your dream course, Economics Honours, from LIT, a lower ranked college, or pursue Biochemistry Honours from HIT, a highly ranked college.