ICT are judicial bodies established to prosecute individuals for serious violations of international law, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.
They operate under international law and are typically established by the UN Security Council or through international treaties.
Example: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Gacaca-style processes include
justice rooted in local tradition.
Example: Rwanda’s post-genocide gacaca courts (2002–2012) had lay judges, public hearings in villages, confession-based sentencing reductions, and explicit reconciliation mandates alongside accountability.